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properties of this optical antenna are investigated, including
near- and far-field intensities, directivity, and sensitivity to its in cancer treatment.
gap width and it can be utilized to treat cancer of different
biological tissues, such as the kidney, lung, and breast [46].
In [47], conventional plasmonic nanoantennas and sensors
used biofunctionalized metallic gratings that have a frequency
response in transmission as well as reflect changes in response
to the presence of particular biomarkers. This approach pro-
vides comprehending the activity, biomechanical properties,
and state of health all of which directly impact the behavior
of cardiomyocytes. It used the concept of plasmonic sens-
ing nanoantennas to enable integrated nanoscale communica-
tion and detection. This method involves a two-dimensional
structure and is based on the superior electrical properties of
graphene as a popular material for antenna applications. This
material has outstanding surface plasmon tunability, durable
confinement, and minimal losses, making it one of the most
materials suitable for Terahertz operations.
In [48], information about disease diagnosis, drug screen-
ing, and tissue engineering for heart-related investigations
was given using an optical nano-antenna array and a piezo-
photonic sensor. In this work, an aligned array of InGaN/GaN
nanopillars was designed and created. A force mapping tech-
nique based on a nano-antenna array was developed with the
support of the piezo-phototronic effect. For force mapping,
a spatial resolution of 800 nm and a temporal resolution of
333ms has been established. By determining the antennas’
placements and measuring the light intensities of the piezo-
phototronic optical nano-antenna array, it was possible to
directly derive the dynamic mapping of the cell force of live
cardiomyocytes.
In [49], an instrument topology of 15nm-gap plasmonic dimer
arrays nanoantenna, and selective amplification for glucose
sensing was demonstrated. It enhanced near-infrared and non-
invasive glucose detection using plasmonic nano-antennas.
The results displayed that at wavelengths of 880 nm, systems
with 180 nm dimer optical nanoantennas arrays can establish
linear relationships between photocurrent and glucose concen-
trations.
In [50], a graphene-based monopole nanoantenna was em-
ployed at terahertz frequency bands (THz) for healthcare ap-
plications. The proposed antenna was made of a graphene ring
placed on the SiO2 substrate. This antenna’s design makes
use of graphene to change the radiation pattern and bandwidth
without changing the operating frequency. The performance
of the antenna was evaluated at an operating frequency equal
to (1.65 THz). Its applications done with a compact footprint
and required performance were produced by the proposed
Badr, Murdas & Aldhahab
optical nanoantenna and the suggested technique can be used
In [51], an optical nanoantenna for single-molecule-based
plasmonic biosensing was introduced to regulate the interac-
tion of a target molecule with the excited localized surface
plasmon resonance at the location of a plasmonic nanoparticle.
It was prepared to separate a sample of three DNA origami
structures on the surface and incubated with a 100 nm optical
nanoantenna made of composite material based on gold under
optimal formation conditions to control the distance of its sur-
face to a molecule in the hotspot of optical antenna structures
for fluorescence enhancement.
In [52], plasmonic sensing nanoantenna-based combined
nanoscale communication and biosensing systems were pre-
sented. This approach includes sensing nano nodes that can
connect amongst one another for intra-body networks and
from one nano node to a wearable device. It was attempted
to accurate diagnoses and less strain on the infrastructure for
medical tests.
In [53], a silicon-doped material with high excess carrier con-
centrations was proposed for the dipole nanoantenna. High-
index dielectric nanoantennas are superior to plasmonic ones
in several ways, including CMOS compatibility and minimal
ohmic losses, which may be useful for nanophotonic applica-
tions. Both the augmented localized field and the wavelength
of the enhancement peak are influenced by the substance in
the vicinity. The proposed dipole nanoantenna uses silicon
material with high carrier concentrations for sensing and bio-
logical applications in the mid-IR spectral region.
In [54], the design and analysis of a nano patch circular
antenna made of the gold patch and operated at terahertz
frequency band were presented. The suggested antenna was
simulated at 3.93 THz and the result of this method can be
used for a wireless body area network (WBAN) communi-
cation system and deal with the human body via gathering
patient health information.
In [55], an architecture for creating plasmonic bio-sensors
in which sense was accomplished using optical beam steer-
ing. The proposed trapping technique structure consisted of a
network of optical bowtie nanoantennas that was used to pre-
cisely control and manage items in mesoscopic systems with
length scales ranging from tens of nanometers to hundreds of
nanometers scale. The construction of the proposed antenna
is based on a silicon (Si) - dielectric constructed with two
tip-to-tip triangle semiconductor elements. The trapping of
a virus sample species with 100 nm in diameter is suggested
to use in classical medicine. for this purpose. the analytical