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Fig. 7. The suggested antenna array [34].
bands (2.4 GHz to 7.1 GHz). This study provides a detailed
explanation of the substrate selection, design limitations, fab- for ISM and K Band applications as shown in Fig.8.
rication procedure, and bending test of the proposed flexible
(UWB) antenna. A constructed antenna has been simulated
using computer simulation and the proposed antenna was suit-
able for wearable electrical and biological applications due
to its flexible nature, wide frequency bands of operation, and
strong bending performance. A wearable antenna can be used
for communications like mobile computing, public safety,
tracking, and navigation as well as biomedical applications
like cancer detection and heart attack detection.
In [38], wearable antenna types that work in the (2.4-2.5 GHz)
of ISM bands frequency range were designed using Textile
materials like silk, polycot, and denim to construct the sub-
strates of these antennas. The employed antennas are used for
both on- and off-body communication applications as well as
biomedical ones. Experimental analysis was used to establish
the return loss, radiation, and impedance characteristics of the ing field of nanotechnology in modern medical communica-
antennas for both the human phantom model and free space
settings. The experimental study of the employed antennas in
this work showed that the antenna has a specific absorption
rate of less than (1 W/Kg), indicating resistance to loading by
human tissue. The outcomes of return loss, radiation pattern,
gain, and directivity metrics for each of the applied antenna
designs are all in the desired range. In [39], demonstrated
antenna has higher gain, better return loss, and an accept-
able level of voltage standing wave ratio values, for each
bandwidth, making it useful for medical applications. The
proposed antenna operated at frequencies (22.99/24.24/26.35)
GHz with bandwidths of (0.287 GHz, 0.327 GHz, and 0.767)
GHz respectively. It used an (8 × 8) microstrip array patch
Badr, Murdas & Aldhahab
Fig. 8. The layout of the 8×8 array of microstrip patch
antenna [39].
antenna with spacing between each antenna element designed
In [40], a modified meander form microstrip patch antenna
for Internet of Things applications (IoT) in the (2.4 GHz ISM)
with Commercial, Research, and Health bands was designed.
The selected performance of the antenna combined with IoT
sensors and a (2.4) GHz radio frequency module was used
for the simulation process. It has been performed effectively
in IoT applications due to its small size and high fractional
bandwidth.
B. Optical Nanoantennas Applications
The nanotechnology applied in medical systems employs a
variety of downsizing merits to reduce the size of the antennas
attached to the human body. Combining optical spectroscopic
and nanotechnology components was used in the rapidly grow-
tion fields [41]. These fields include immune system support,
bio-hybrid implants, drug delivery systems, health monitoring,
and genetic engineering which are involved in healthcare and
intra-body health monitoring and medicine delivery systems.
The field of an optical nanoantenna is a rapidly evolving one
via the nanotechnology field and the optical nanoantennas are
formulated, and important characteristics pertinent to these
structures are recognized. Metal and dielectric nanoanten-
nas are created and addressed as a class of optical antennae.
In [41], metallic nanoparticles made of silver were used to
create bow-tie (triangular) nanoantennas, which operate in
the optical spectrum. In contrast to dipole antennas, bow-tie
antennas are preferred because they have a larger bandwidth
and more flexible optical spectra. The employing of the sug-