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Fig. 5. Wearable antenna for medical care [28].
(400 MHz) and (2.4 GHz) frequency bands appropriate for de-
manding wearable applications like medical care, emergency
response teams, and rescue operations as shown in Fig. 5.
In [29], a flexible microstrip implantable antenna that
could be in contact with a person’s breast skin was presented.
The suggested antenna works with a low rate of power con-
sumption and the longest wavelength transmissions to get
essential information on the tissues of the breast and lessen
the impact of signal reflection from the breast skin. The
recommended antenna was placed in direct contact with the
breast skin to improve the tumor detector’s sensitivity. In [30], range. The suggested array’s radiation characteristics support
a proposed implanted antenna with a circular maze shape for
(ISM) band (2.40–2.48 GHz) has been concentrated.
The measured data and the obtained results from the computer
simulation work are proper for use with health safety require-
ments and permit acceptable wireless communication ranges
of biomedical applications. In [31], an implanted microstrip
antenna design with a compact geometry was proposed for
use in dual-band operations (MICS and ISM) bands in wire-
less medical telemetry applications. It employed dual-band
operation, to enable power savings by enabling the implanted
device to remain in sleep mode until an (ISM) signal was
received. Data is then sent from the antenna to a base station
outside the tissue via the (MICS) frequency. The antenna
transmits data in the (MICS) band for patient monitoring, to
verify the device’s status and battery life, but it won’t start
sending data until it receives a wake-up signal in the (ISM)
band as shown in Fig. 6.
In [32], the requirements of the design process and testing
steps of a microstrip patch antenna operating at a 2.4 GHz
band used in biomedical implantation were introduced. The
chosen antennas are suitable for (IOT) monitoring systems
that monitor patient health and provide bio information to dis-
tant locations. The suggested design of this antenna has drawn
a lot of interest since it addresses issues with miniaturization,
biocompatibility, patient safety, and improved communication
quality.
Badr, Murdas & Aldhahab
In [33] microstrip patch antenna worked on a resonating fre-
quency of 2.4 GHz and suitable for Wireless Local Area
Networks (WLAN) was introduced. The proposed antenna
was constructed with flexible polyethylene, polyester, and
polyamide materials. The results show that types of antenna
materials were employed most effectively overall by compar-
ing the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and low return
loss.
In [34], a frequency band between (2 GHz - and 4 GHz)
has been selected for the proposed antenna array of wireless
medical applications. The array antenna’s applicability for
on-body medical wireless applications has been demonstrated
by simulations of the antenna in the low-frequency S-band
body medical wireless applications with a trapezoidal patch
microstrip antenna made of FR4 material. A 2 × 2 array with
the same dimensions as the original single-element, 30 × 70
mm, trapezoidal patch antenna has been illustrated as shown
in Fig. 7.
In [35] the design of a rectangular microstrip patch an-
tenna for the (ISM) band is the main subject of this research.
The proposed antenna has three regions: a substrate made of a
composite of glass fabric and flame-retardant epoxy resin FR4
was used as the basic material for printed circuit boards mate-
rial, then a patch, and a ground composed of copper material.
It was considered best suited for biomedical applications that
track patients’ health and transmit biodata to distant locations.
A flexible ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for use in a wear-
able medical electronic system was suggested in [36]. It used
a microstrip patch antenna operating at a resonant frequency
equal to 5.6 GHz for use in wireless body-worn applications.
Simulation results for the proposed antenna showed low spe-
cific absorption rate (SAR) values offered by the antenna and
low transmitted power that meet the requirements of a wire-
less body-worn network.
In [37], the Kapton polyimide substrate was used to manufac-
ture the antenna used in this study with operating frequency
Fig. 6. The dual-band implanted microstrip antenna [31].