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approach with numerical simulations employing a footprint
of 0.96 µm2 sample was implemented taking into account
preserving the temperature of the sample.
In [56], an integrated platform for polarimetric and spectro-
scopic sensing was introduced for real-time health monitoring
and medicinal applications. The suggested approach used an
infrared nanoantenna-mediated graphene photodetector based
on Si/SiO2 substrate that can provide early illness diagnosis
systems and improved tissue imaging and sensing techniques
of biostructures. The employed strain engineering plays an
important role among biomedical applications that have al-
ready used polarization imaging in the field of flexible and
wearable electronics systems. These systems, which require
entails precise strain control are frequently used in medical
and monitoring equipment systems.
In [57], an approach to determine optical anisotropy by using
a microscope to scan the whole region of unstrained nanoan-
tennas at a single frequency was demonstrated. Due to the
method’s adaptability, nondestructive mechanical characteri-
zation of multi-material components, such as wearable elec-
tronics, can be done without causing damage to the compo-
nent. This method studies the breaking of the lattice symmetry
by straightforward resistance measurements and semiconduc-
tor optical devices.
In [58], the concept of a bio-nanoantenna was used to pi-
oneering solutions to the issue of electrical transduction in the manufacturing process, but each fabrication technique has ad-
process of taking an electrical input and translating it into a
biological one. It was found that bio-nanoantenna was able to
convert remote electrical field input bio-signaling for use in
healthcare applications.
In [59], a plasmonic bow-tie nanoantenna made of gold and
SiO2 substrate was designed for a single structure and applied
to a suggested skin tissue in a specific environment at two res-
onance rates (532, 1064) nm. In this method, the effectiveness
of the rise in tissue temperature as a tool to destroy cancer
cells is evaluated. The temperature is raised more effectively
when the distinct antenna is closer to the treated tissue. It was
observed that the proposed nanoantenna at resonance wave-
length 532 nm has greater near-field intensity than one at 1064
nm and this method can be considered as an efficient therapy
for eliminating cancer cells.
In [60], a healthcare model made up of a nanoantenna that
can be implanted into wireless communication systems was
presented. The Terahertz (THz) band has been chosen for
operating the suggested antenna to make the medical network
more efficient and faster. The designed proposed nanoantenna
was simulated in the computer software package including the
Badr, Murdas & Aldhahab
Fig. 12. The schematic diagram of the health care system
based on Antenna [introduced by researcher].
feeding line, dimensions of the patch beside the substrate, and
the ground plane. This nanoantenna was made of gold with a
RO4003C substrate and can be used for wireless human body
applications in healthcare systems.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
As mentioned in the preceding section, engineers, researchers,
and designers have given careful thought to the many con-
figurations of antennas. a variety of antennas with diverse
structures can be utilized in various communication system
applications. Some of these antennas were created to be used
in medical applications in conjunction with human body sen-
sors to gather the necessary information about the human
body while also taking into account safety requirements. Such
wireless medical systems form a healthcare network when
they are connected to a sensor and situated on or within the
human body. This network meets numerous obstacles such as
the size of the antenna and employed devices. The ability to
regulate the size, shape, and distribution of the structures over
a wide region might be expected from a quick and inexpensive
vantages as well as drawbacks. Therefore, it is essential to
choose the proper production processes for each application in
conjunction with human body sensors to gather the necessary
information about the human body, as illustrated in Fig. 12.
The use of microstrip patch antennas and optical nanoan-
tennas for healthcare systems or diagnosing the human body
as well as for patient treatment are listed as shown in Table I
and Table II respectively.