Page 166 - 2023-Vol19-Issue2

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This study compares multiple routing protocols in terms of
packet delivery ratio (PDR), energy consumption, end-to-end
delay, and the number of live nodes. The results reveal that the
Reliability and Adaptive Cooperation for Efficient UWSNs
Using Sink Mobility (RACE-SM) protocol outperforms other
schemes, demonstrating superior performance across all eval-
uated metrics.
In unmanned aerial vehicles ad hoc networks (UANETs),
where UAVs collaborate on complex tasks, finding an optimal
communication path can be challenging due to high mobility,
variable link quality, and heavy traffic loads. To address these
issues, we propose a delay-aware and link-quality-aware geo-
graphical routing protocol called DLGR-2DQ. The protocol
considers both physical layer metrics, such as signal-to-noise
ratio, and data link layer factors, including expected transmis-
sion count. By modeling the packet-forwarding process as a
Markov decision process and utilizing an appropriate reward
function, the dueling DQN algorithm learns to make efficient
routing decisions. Simulation results demonstrate that our pro-
posed protocol outperforms others in terms of packet delivery
ratio and average end-to-end delay [19].
Srinivasa Gowda et al. [20] proposed the Hybrid Salp
Swarm-Firefly (HSSFF) technique, which contains the SALP
swarm and firefly optimization approaches, which was also
suggested in this study. The HSSFF technique was used to
identify the best routing path with the less expected transmis-
sion count value and the smallest amount of end-to-end delay.
Here, there are two parts to the fitness function for Simulink
evaluation. To identify the optimal and effective routing path,
the authors analyzed the simulation results for two dissimilar
scenarios.
Alqahtani Abdulrahman Saad [21] suggested analyzing
and increasing the QoS using Multipath Routing Protocol
(IQMRP) for WMSN. As a rule, wireless communications
are vulnerable to link losses due to signal intrusion, which
can cause packet loss and communication errors. Concurrent
routing in addition to the multi-path determination greatly
improves the ability to handle these drawbacks, thus enhanc-
ing the application of wireless multimedia. The communica-
tion of multi-path helps to provide a large amount of band-
width is vital for multimedia infrastructures among two nodes.
Even though a single route will be able to provide multi-path
transmission, connectivity also helps to stable the traffic load, strated that the integration of these two methods improved
which can increase the lifetime of the network. This method
uses the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) system to select a
multi-path utilizing a potential route priority.
Genta Addisalem et al. [22] provided a routing technique
for data communication that includes dynamic cluster cre-
ation, multipath routing formation, and cluster head selection
to lower routing overheads and energy consumption. The
suggested technique employs a genetic algorithm (GA)-based
Al-Jabry & Al-Asadi
meta-heuristic optimization to alternatively choose the best
path according to the cost function with the least energy loss
and the smallest distance. In this approach, the authors con-
ducted a thorough performance investigation of the suggested
algorithm and compared it with three existing routing proto-
cols. According to the analysis of performance results, the
suggested procedure showed improved performance than the
other routing protocols.
Jiao Zhenghua et al. [23] examined the problems with
the coverage model and control approach and provided an
adaptive particle swarm optimization methodology to address
the coverage control issue in WMSNs. To determine the best
projection area for a single sensor, a 3D coverage model was
first created by presenting the perceptual radius of the sen-
sors. Following that, it was recommended to use an adaptive
particle swarm optimization to enhance sensor location data
in order to minimize perceptual blind spots and overlapping
perceptions in the monitoring area. An approach to decrease
the number of active sensors was finally presented using re-
dundant node sleeping. In comparison to the most advanced
frameworks, simulation results showed that it can guarantee
superior coverage while using fewer sensors.
Ali et al. [24] suggested a novel Integer Linear Program-
ming (ILP) optimization methodology to recreate the ideal
associated mesh backbone topology with the fewest links and
relay nodes possible while maintaining redundancy and meet-
ing the given end-to-end QoS requirements for multimedia
traffic. Link and Node Removal Considering Residual Ca-
pacity and Traffic Demands (LNR-RCTD) was an additional
polynomial time heuristic approach that was suggested. It was
confirmed through simulation experiments that this heuristic
approach achieved results that are almost optimal and pre-
vented the wastage of 20 % of resources that would otherwise
be used for QoS provisioning, routing, and random topology
deployment.
Tiglao Nestor Michae and Anto´nio M. Grilo [25] sug-
gested a NACK-based repair system integrated with an adap-
tive MAC layer retransmission technique to enhance the result
of caching-based WMSN transport protocols. The objective
was to decrease real-time end-to-end delay while preserv-
ing energy efficiency and dependability in the face of error
rates of high channels. The experimental outcomes demon-
both output quality and energy efficiency. Additionally, the
protocol achieved decreased rates of packet losses, making
it appropriate for multimedia delivery. Although the sug-
gested method utilized the Distributed Transport for Sensor
Networks (DTSN) protocol as a starting point to show how
well the methods operate, they were found effective to work
with other WSN and WMSN transport protocols.