The primary goal of this study is to investigate and evaluate the performance of wireless Ad-Hoc routing protocols using the OPNET simulation tool, as well as to recommend the most effective routing strategies for the wireless mesh environment. Investigations have been testified to analyze the performance of the reactive and proactive Ad-Hoc routing protocols in different scenarios. Application and wireless metrics were configured that were used to test and evaluate the performance of routing protocols. The application metric includes web browsing metrics such as HTTP page response time, voice and video metrics such as end-to-end delay, and delay variation. The wireless network metrics include wireless media access delay, data dropped, wireless load, wireless retransmission attempts, and Packet Delivery Ratio. The simulations results show that the AODV overcome DSR and OLSR in terms of PDR (76%), wireless load (22.692 Mbps), voice delay variation (102.685 ms), HTTP page response time (15.317 sec), voice and video packet end-to-end delay (206.527 and 25.294 ms), wireless media access delay (90.150 ms), data dropped (10.003 Mbps), wireless load (22.692 Mbps), and wireless retransmission attempts (0.392 packets).
Ad-Hoc networks have an adaptive architecture, temporarily configured to provide communication between wireless devices that provide network nodes. Forwarding packets from the source node to the remote destination node may require intermediate cooperative nodes (relay nodes), which may act selfishly because they are power-constrained. The nodes should exhibit cooperation even when faced with occasional selfish or non-cooperative behaviour from other nodes. Several factors affect the behaviour of nodes; those factors are the number of packets required to redirect, power consumption per node, and power constraints per node. Power constraints per node and grade of generosity. This article is based on a dynamic collaboration strategy, specifically the Generous Tit-for-Tat (GTFT), and it aims to represent an Ad-Hoc network operating with the Generous Tit-for-Tat (GTFT) cooperation strategy, measure statistics for the data, and then analyze these statistics using the Taguchi method. The transfer speed and relay node performance both have an impact on the factors that shape the network conditions and are subject to analysis using the Taguchi Method (TM). The analyzed parameters are node throughput, the amount of relay requested packets produced by a node per number of relays requested packets taken by a node, and the amount of accepted relay requested by a node per amount of relay requested by a node. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to analyze node behaviour, and the results show that the effect parameters were number of packets, power consumption, power constraint of the node, and grade of generosity. The tested parameters influence node cooperation in the following sequence: number of packets required to redirect (N) (effects on behaviour with a percent of 6.8491), power consumption per node (C) (effects on behaviour with a percent of 0.7467), power constraints per node (P) (effects on behaviour with a percent of 0.6831), and grade of generosity (ε) (effects on behaviour with a percent of 0.4530). Taguchi experiments proved that the grade of generosity (GoG) is not the influencing factor where the highest productivity level is, while the number of packets per second required to redirect also has an impact on node behaviour.
Most of routing protocols used for Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), such as Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing, uses minimum hops as the only metric for choosing a route. This decision might lead to cause some nodes become congested which will degrade the network performance. This paper proposes an improvement of AODV routing algorithm by making routing decisions depend on fuzzy cost based on the delay in conjunction with number of hops in each path. Our simulation was carried out using OMNET++ 4.0 simulator and the evaluation results show that the proposed Fuzzy Multi-Constraint AODV routing performs better than the original AODV in terms of average end-to-end delay and packet delivery.
Vehicle Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a type of wireless network that enables communication between vehicles and Road Side Units (RSUs) to improve road safety, traffic efficiency, and service delivery. However, the widespread use of vehicular networks raises serious concerns about users’ privacy and security. Privacy in VANET refers to the protection of personal information and data exchanged between vehicles, RSUs, and other entities. Privacy issues in VANET include unauthorized access to location and speed information, driver and passenger identification, and vehicle tracking. To ensure privacy in VANET, various technologies such as pseudonymization, message authentication, and encryption are employed. When vehicles frequently change their identity to avoid tracking, message authentication ensures messages are received from trusted sources, and encryption is used to prevent unauthorized access to messages. Therefore, researchers have presented various schemes to improve and enhance the privacy efficiency of vehicle networks. This survey article provides an overview of privacy issues as well as an in-depth review of the current state-of-the-art pseudonym-changing tactics and methodologies proposed.
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), a subsection of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), have strong future application prospects. Because topology structures are rapidly changing, determining a route that can guarantee a good Quality of Service (QoS) is a critical issue in VANETs. Routing is a critical component that must be addressed in order to utilize effective communication among vehicles. The purpose obtained from this study is to compare the AODV and GPSR performance in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Packet Drop Ratio, Throughput, and End-to-End Delay by applying three scenarios, the first scenario focuses on studying these protocols in terms of QoS while changing the number of vehicles at a constant speed of 40Km/h, and for the second scenario changing the speed value while keeping a constant number of vehicles which is 100, the third involves changing the communication range at a constant speed and vehicle number. This study represents a foundation for researchers to help elaborate on the strength and weaknesses of these two protocols. OMNeT++ in conjunction with SUMO is used for simulation.
A self learning fuzzy logic controller for ship steering systems is proposed in this paper. Due to the high nonlinearity of ship steering system, the performances of traditional control algorithms are not satisfactory in fact. An intelligent control system is designed for controlling the direction heading of ships to improve the high e ffi ciency of transportation, the convenience of manoeuvring ships, and the safety of navigation. The design of fuzzy controllers is usually performed in an ad hoc manner where it is hard to justify the choice of some fuzzy control parameters such as the parameters of membership function. In this paper, self tuning algorithm is used to adjust the parameters of fuzzy controller. Simulation results show that the efficiency of proposed algorithm to design a fuzzy controller for ship steering system.
Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are being extensively utilized in critical applications such as envi- ronmental monitoring, surveillance, and healthcare, where the reliable transmission of packets is indispensable for seamless network operation. To address this requirement, this work presents a pioneering Distributed Dynamic Coop- eration Protocol (DDCP) routing algorithm. The DDCP algorithm aims to enhance packet reliability in WMSNs by prioritizing reliable packet delivery, improving packet delivery rates, minimizing end-to-end delay, and optimizing energy consumption. To evaluate its performance, the proposed algorithm is compared against traditional routing protocols like Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), as well as proactive routing protocols such as Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). By dynamically adjusting the transmission range and selecting optimal paths through cooperative interactions with neighboring nodes, the DDCP algorithm offers effective solutions. Extensive simulations and experiments conducted on a wireless multimedia sensor node testbed demonstrate the superior performance of the DDCP routing algorithm compared to AODV, DSR, and OLSR, in terms of packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay, and energy efficiency. The comprehensive evaluation of the DDCP algorithm against multiple routing protocols provides valuable insights into its effectiveness and efficiency in improving packet reliability within WMSNs. Furthermore, the scalability and applicability of the proposed DDCP algorithm for large-scale wireless multimedia sensor networks are confirmed. In summary, the DDCP algorithm exhibits significant potential to enhance the performance of WMSNs, making it a suitable choice for a wide range of applications that demand robust and reliable data transmission.
Vehicular network security had spanned and covered a wide range of security related issues. However solar energy harvesting Road Side Unit (RSU) security was not defined clearly, it is this aspect that is considered in this paper. In this work, we will suggest an RSU security model to protect it against different internal and external threats. The main goal is to protect RSU specific data (needed for its operation) as well as its functionality and accessibility. The suggested RSU security model must responds to many objectives, it should ensure that the administrative information exchanged is correct and undiscoverable (information authenticity and privacy), the source (e.g., VANET server) is who he claims to be (message integrity and source authentication) and the system is robust and available (using Intrusion Detection System (IDS)). In this paper, we suggest many techniques to strength RSU security and they were prototyped using an experimental model based on Ubicom IP2022 network processor development kit .
In this paper we present the details of methodology pursued in implementation of an HMI and Demo Temperature Monitoring application for wireless sensor-based distributed control systems. The application of WSN for a temperature monitoring and control is composed of a number of sensor nodes (motes) with a networking capability that can be deployed for monitoring and control purposes. The temperature is measured in the real time by the sensor boards that sample and send the data to the monitoring computer through a base station or gateway. This paper proposes how such monitoring system can be setup emphasizing on the aspects of low cost, energy-efficient, easy ad-hoc installation and easy handling and maintenance. This paper focuses on the overall potential of wireless sensor nodes and networking in industrial applications. A specific case study is given for the measurement of temperature (with thermistor or thermocouple), humidity, light and the health of the WSN. The focus was not on these four types of measurements and analysis but rather on the design of a communication protocol and building of an HMI software for monitoring. So, a set of system design requirements are developed that covered the use of the wireless platforms, the design of sensor network, the capabilities for remote data access and management, the connection between the WSN and an HMI software designed with MATLAB.