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189 | Gaid & Ali

TABLE II.
COMPARISON WITH SOME RECENTLY PUBLISHED LITERATURE

Ref. Antenna Size mm3 Frequency (GHz) S11 (dB) Gain (dBi) BW (GHz) Rad Efficiency %
[23] 7 × 7 × 1.28 23.52, 28,39 = -43, = -30 5.51, 4.55 1.16, 0.634 87, 81
[24] 28.13, 37.97 - 25.3, - 11.2 7.27, 8.46 0.231, 0.090
[25] 7.5 × 27.06 × 0.254 27.77 88.3, 86.3
[26] 8 × 8 × 0.787 28, 38, 61 - 25.45 7 1.88 74
[27] 5.1 × 5 × 0.254 28,,38 -12, - 22, - 12 7.2, 7.22, 6.5 0.84, 0.37, 0.9
[28] 60.06 7.03, 7.368 86, 91, 85
[29] 20.4 × 26.4 × 0.508 25.98, 28.2 - 30, -42 0.7, 12 96, 95
[30] 12.9 × 14 × 1.6 28, 38 - 24 8.62 12.11 82.2
This work 20 × 16.5 × 0.508 27.9, 38.4, 56 8.63, 11.26 0.55, 1.1
7.5 × 8.8 × 0.25 - 24.1, - 25.5 6.6, 5.86 1.23, 1.06 95.9, 95.4
8 × 8.5 × 0.508 - 34.5, - 27.3 7.96, 6.82, 7.93 1.26, 1.08, 12.015 -
- 15.4, - 18, - 26.4
88, 84, 90

HFSS and validated using CST, demonstrating a reasonable 2013 IEEE 77th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC
agreement between the simulation results. Overall, the pro- Spring), pp. 1–6.
posed antenna offers a compact and efficient solution for 5G
applications in the mentioned frequency bands. In the future, [5] Y. Banday, G. M. Rather, and G. R. Begh, “Effect of
we plan to further enhance the antenna’s performance. Un- atmospheric absorption on millimeter wave frequencies
fortunately, due to the limited availability of fabrication and for 5g cellular networks,” IET Communications, vol. 13,
measurement facilities at our university and the ongoing civil no. 3, pp. 265–270, 2019.
war in our country, we were unable to fabricate and measure
the antenna ourselves. Therefore, we aim to collaborate with [6] K.-L. A. Yau, J. Qadir, C. Wu, M. A. Imran, and
other organizations to manufacture and measure the antenna, M. H. Ling, “Cognition-inspired 5g cellular networks:
to validate its characteristics. A review and the road ahead,” IEEE Access, vol. 6,
pp. 35072–35090, 2018.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST [7] R. N. Mitra and D. P. Agrawal, “5g mobile technology:
A survey,” ICT Express, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 132–137, 2015.
The authors have no conflict of relevant interest to this article.
[8] P. Pirinen, “A brief overview of 5g research activities,”
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