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where this data is processed and converted into a language Large volumes of IoT-generated data must be processed,
understood by the machine, and after processing the data, the analyzed, and categorized before they can be used in
results are converted into a language that the user decision making [6, 10].
understands and is sent in the form of a signal, message, or
other [4]. User interface (UI):The acquired data should also be
Sensors or devices, networking, data processing, and the utilized to inform end users when it has been cleaned and
user interface (UI) are the four primary components of an formatted. Users, for example, must be notified when the
IoT system, as outlined below as fig. 1 [5]: temperature in cold storage exceeds a certain threshold. This
is accomplished through the use of a user interface, which
Fig.1 Components of IOT architecture [5]. allows end users to examine the acquired data in advance. As
a result, depending on the IoT applications, these end users
Sensors or devices are fundamental IoT pieces that may react to system inputs[6, 11].
collect data from devices with an IP address. These devices
can range from simple temperature and humidity sensors in III. BLOOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
buildings to sophisticated autonomous automobiles. These
components primarily gather data in their particular settings, Blockchains are data structures made up of a series of
such as temperature or video. These sensors or devices are cryptographically linked blocks. It can be a tamper-proof
packaged together instead of working individually. IoT historical ledger for data and transaction management [12].
structures are comprised of devices that may gather data Satoshi Nakamoto was the first to propose blockchain,
from physical settings and communicate it to the IoT which underpins Bitcoin. Blockchain has been shown to
ecosystem [6, 7]. have many essential characteristics, such as security and
immutability. As a result, it may be a viable solution for
Connectivity: LAN, Wi-Fi, satellite, Bluetooth, and addressing a variety of issues that traditional security
cellular infrastructure are all used to link sensors and other systems face, such as centralized systems with bottlenecks
devices to the cloud. As a result, to connect with one another, and single points of failure, as well as privacy concerns [13].
IoT devices use common communication protocols. The structure of the blockchain is depicted in Fig..2 [14].
Bluetooth low energy (BLE) and Wi-Fi, for example, are
intended specifically for IoT. The 5G cellular network is Fig.2 blockchain structure [14].
projected to assist the IoT by increasing capacity and speed
[6, 8]. Blockchain is a technology that is an immutable distributed
The development of new technologies, such as edge ledger maintained by a peer-to-peer network. For
computing, a new paradigm for dispersed devices, has been transactions uploaded to a blockchain network to be valid,
forced by the collection of huge amounts of data. Both data network members must come to a consensus on transaction
and computational power are allocated to where they are statuses. In addition, it is important to know the
required most in edge computing. Any data that the filtered methodology of this technique, where transactions are
cloud cannot process is transferred closer to the customer, placed in a block with a set of information such as nonce,
boosting bandwidth and decreasing lag time. These devices timestamp, and previous hash, then this information is
or systems process the data, and only the most pertinent entered into the hash function for data hashing to be more
information is sent back to the central base for analysis [6, secure. The node that will add this block to the blockchain is
9]. then chosen based on one of the consensus algorithms under
specific conditions.[15].
Data processing: Data is processed with the aid of
software once it has been saved in the cloud. This data must The following are four fundamental properties of
be processed, filtered, and analyzed in a specialized manner blockchains [6] :
before it can be of any value. To avoid overburdening the
system, zettabytes(10^21) of data are sent via each edge Ledger: This is a technicality in which an advertisement
gateway before being processed. By integrating corporate is documented to provide a complete value-based history.
software with cloud data analytics, big data analytics is used Unlike traditional databases, blockchains do not have
to analyze production data at the greatest level possible. IoT overruns.
data is structured differently and is created in real time.
• Secure: Because blockchains are encrypted, no one can
access the information stored on them without permission.
• shared: Many people are involved in each record, which
clarifies a hub member in a blockchain web.
