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Yousiff & Muhajjir
and act on crucial sensor data activities without the need for
human interaction [31]. Machine learning and artificial
intelligence technology are widely used to create an
autonomous agent that can comprehend data pouring from
sensors or online sources and make decisions on its own
[34].
Luo et al. [35] introduced a decentralized electricity
market system based on blockchain and governed by several
participants. This system is made up of two layers: a top
layer that uses multi-agents to negotiate electricity trading
contracts, as well as a bottom layer that settles contracts via a previous version of the blockchain). As a result, while many
blockchain network. To address the scalability issue in
blockchain-based designs, Qayumi et al.[36] called for
multi-agent architectures, although they did not explain how
this could be accomplished. Smart contracts were proposed
by Norta et al.[37] for cross-organization collaboration
They talked about how non-repudiating features can be
achieved via a blockchain smart contract. These activities,
on the other hand, are still in development and will be
improved in the future. Bilal et al.[38] for the home
management system, this study built a novel optimization
technique as well as a cloud device architecture. This
research proposes a two-level communication strategy
between microgrids in the event of a failure in cloud-level
communication. The authors of [39] suggested software
defined networking SDN, fog computing, and a distributed
blockchain-based cloud architecture model. At the network's
edge and in the distributed cloud, the approach sought to
manage raw IoT data streams effectively. Three layers make
up the model: distributed cloud based on blockchain, SDN
controller network for fog nodes based on blockchain, and
IoT devices.
A. Security
An information system must traditionally meet three
conditions to be secure:
• Confidentiality is one of the most important aspects of
any business. Unauthorized access to the most sensitive data
should be avoided.
• Integrity and reliability It ensures that unauthorized
parties cannot change or delete data. It's also common to
include the requirement that if an authorized person corrupts
the data, the modifications should be reversible.
• Availability. When necessary, data can be accessed.
In terms of confidentiality, the section dealing with
transaction data is linked to their privacy, which was
previously discussed. In terms of the architecture that
supports the stored data, current IoT applications tend to
centralize communications in a server, a farm of servers, or
the cloud. Such an approach is viable as long as the
administrators of the centralized infrastructure can be trusted
and the system stays secure against external and internal
threats [16].
Blockchain technologies, on the other hand, for example,
are decentralized, which implies that even if one node fails,
the system as a whole should continue to function. In terms
of integrity, it's worth noting that the foundations of a
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blockchain are built to hold data that can't be changed (or is
extremely expensive to do so) after it's been saved. However,
it should be noted that there have been times in the past when
this principle has been disregarded. In 2014, for example, the
money exchange network MintPal informed its users that a
hacker had stolen roughly 8 million Vericoins, or roughly
30% of the platform's total coins, in an unresolved incident.
The Vericoin team elected to hard fork the blockchain to
avoid investor money being lost and an actor controlling
30% of the coin's proof-of-stake network capacity, reversing
the harm (a hard fork is a permanent divergence from the
websites claim that blockchains provide permanent storage
for data that can't be modified, this is only true in the most
severe cases. In IoT applications, data integrity is equally
crucial, and it's often provided by third parties. To reduce the
need for third-party trust, [16] presents a blockchain-based
data integrity service platform for cloud-based IoT
applications.
The third aspect of security is availability, which is the
easiest to achieve with blockchains because they are built to
be distributed systems, allowing them to function even while
particular nodes are under attack. However, numerous types
of attacks can risk availability [16]. A 51-percent assault
(also known as a majority attack) is the most dangerous type
of attack, in which a single miner can take control of the
entire blockchain and make any transaction they choose.
Although data is available in this situation, the attacker who
controls the blockchain may be able to prevent transactions
from taking place. This type of assault also compromises
data security [16]. Several techniques to ensure security for
BIoT applications have been proposed. Some have used
machine learning techniques, while others have used more
traditional methods [40].
B. To address the issue of connection
On a peer-to-peer blockchain network, all nodes stay
connected to the network and use standard protocols to
operate independently.
IoT devices are theoretically more prone to security
breaches because of the nature of blockchain networks [32,
41]. In the settings of Ref. [42]. Smart Agent, which employs
many security mechanisms to protect IoT devices from
hackers, connects IoT devices to the blockchain. By focusing
on Gateway services, The structure of a centralized IoT
network increases the likelihood of many security
vulnerabilities, including data fabrication, manipulation, and
illegal access to devices [43]. Gateway services are
frequently used to connect IoT equipment in smart homes to
the internet and users. As a result, the smart home Gateway
should include centralized systems that are both efficient and
dependable. Uddin et al. [42] aided in the creation of a
blockchain-based system for securely tracking smart homes
and cities. Fig. 6 [32] depicts the article's smart agent and
blockchain components. contained a network management
module that used sign encryption to protect user data and
ensure user privacy.