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Go to Editorial ManagerThe use of smart network applications based on the Internet of Things is increasing, which increases the attractiveness of malicious activities, leading to the need to increase the adequate security of these networks. In this paper, the latest recent breakthroughs in blockchain for the Internet of Things are examined in the context of electronic health (e-health), smart cities, smart transportation, and other applications in this article. Research gaps and possible solutions are discussed, such as security, connection, transparency, privacy, and the IoT's blockchain regulatory challenges. In addition, the most important consensus algorithms used in the blockchain have been discussed, including Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, and Proof of Authority, each of which operates within certain rules.
IoHT has several benefits for real-time smart healthcare, but because of its limited processing power, storage capacity, and self-defense capabilities, security issues are growing. Although newer blockchain-based authentication solutions have strong security features due to their tamper-resistant decentralized architecture, they come with a high resource cost, requiring a lot of processing power, more storage, and time-consuming authentication procedures. As such, these difficulties provide barriers to reaching the ideal levels of scalability and temporal efficiency, which are essential for the efficient functioning of large-scale, time-sensitive IoHT systems. To solve these challenges, this paper presents an authentication approach designed especially for IoHT systems. Our work consists four-phase process, which includes setting, registration, login and authentication, and HERs Exchange data. To enhance both efficiency and scalability, the proposed scheme employs a combination of 3-D map dimensions chaotic-based public key cryptosystems, and blockchain-based, fog computing technologies and IPFS. We simulate the proposed work to implement health electronic record (HER) by the Ethereum platform and solidity language, the simulation experiments were tested using the JMeter tool. Showed that the key generation time for chaotic-based is faster than (ECC)—furthermore, the average latency ≈ 3.7 ms. A security analysis of the proposed scheme was implemented by the Scyther tool. The formal security analysis demonstrated that the proposed scheme is secured against potential attacks and supports the scalability of the IoHT system.
Blockchain innovation is gaining attention in fields like monetary exchange, edge computing, medical care, and datasecurity. Consortium chains, using lightweight consensus algorithms like PBFT, offer alternatives to proof-based mechanisms while maintaining decentralization, security, and scalability. However, it also has some limitations and challenges that need to be addressed to improve its performance and scalability. PBFT is a classical algorithm with high complexity due to three-stage broadcasting and arbitrary selection of master nodes. Its communication efficiency is low, and scalability issues arise when nodes are large, causing significant delays and performance degradation in unstable networks. Furthermore, the requirement for every node to bundle, check, and broadcast the exchange list in the pre-prepared, prepared and commit stages diminishes the efficiency of consensus and performance between nodes and comes down on network correspondence. The research proposes a new methodology for the consensus algorithm, focusing on high-trust nodes to protect the network from malicious actors and reducing computational overhead and latency by eliminating Byzantian nodes and grouping the remaining nodes into groups, each of which has a main node selected based on a higher trust score. According to the results, the suggested methodology leads to significant improvements in communication complexity and Byzantine fault tolerance compared to standard PBFT networks and previous works. This indicates a substantial enhancement in network efficiency and scalability, offering promising prospects for blockchain applications in various fields.