Cover
Vol. 19 No. 1 (2023)

Published: June 30, 2023

Pages: 21-28

Review Article

A Review of Blockchain-based Internet of Things

Abstract

The use of smart network applications based on the Internet of Things is increasing, which increases the attractiveness of malicious activities, leading to the need to increase the adequate security of these networks. In this paper, the latest recent breakthroughs in blockchain for the Internet of Things are examined in the context of electronic health (e-health), smart cities, smart transportation, and other applications in this article. Research gaps and possible solutions are discussed, such as security, connection, transparency, privacy, and the IoT's blockchain regulatory challenges. In addition, the most important consensus algorithms used in the blockchain have been discussed, including Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, and Proof of Authority, each of which operates within certain rules.

References

  1. A. Al Sadawi, M. S. Hassan, and M. Ndiaye, "A survey on the integration of blockchain with IoT to enhance Yousiff & Muhajjir | 27 performance and eliminate challenges," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 54478-54497, 2021.
  2. M. M. Saleh, "WSNs and IoT Their Challenges and applications for Healthcare and Agriculture: A Survey," Iraqi Journal for Electrical & Electronic Engineering, 2020. DOI: 10.37917/ijeee.sceeer.3rd.6
  3. A. Pieroni, N. Scarpato, and L. Felli, "Blockchain and IoT convergence—a systematic survey on technologies, protocols and security," Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 19, p. 6749, 2020.
  4. S. Merzouk, A. Cherkaoui, A. Marzak, and S. Nawal, "IoT methodologies: comparative study," Procedia Computer Science, vol. 175, pp. 585-590, 2020.
  5. TeachVidvan, "Architecture of IoT," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/architecture-of-iot/.
  6. I. Al_Barazanchi et al., "Blockchain Technology-Based Solutions for IOT Security," Iraqi Journal For Computer Science and Mathematics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 53-63, 2022.
  7. S. Khan et al., "Utilizing manufacturing variations to design a tri-state flip-flop PUF for IoT security applications," Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 477-492, 2020.
  8. B. D. Deebak, F. Al-Turjman, M. Aloqaily, and O. Alfandi, "IoT-BSFCAN: A smart context-aware system in IoT-Cloud using mobile-fogging," Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 109, pp. 368-381, 2020.
  9. I. F. Akyildiz and A. Kak, "The Internet of Space Things/CubeSats: A ubiquitous cyber-physical system for the connected world," Computer Networks, vol. 150, pp. 134-149, 2019.
  10. B. Shang, S. Liu, S. Lu, Y. Yi, W. Shi, and L. Liu, "A cross-layer optimization framework for distributed computing in IoT networks," in 2020 IEEE/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC), 2020: IEEE, pp. 440-444.
  11. F. Al-Turjman and J. P. Lemayian, "Intelligence, security, and vehicular sensor networks in internet of things (IoT)-enabled smart-cities: An overview," Computers & Electrical Engineering, vol. 87, p. 106776, 2020.
  12. M. J. Baucas, S. A. Gadsden, and P. Spachos, "IoT-based smart home device monitor using private blockchain technology and localization," IEEE Networking Letters, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 52-55, 2021.
  13. Z. Shah, I. Ullah, H. Li, A. Levula, and K. Khurshid, "Blockchain Based Solutions to Mitigate Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks in the Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey," Sensors, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 1094, 2022.
  14. M. T. Al Ahmed, F. Hashim, S. J. Hashim, and A. Abdullah, "Hierarchical blockchain structure for node authentication in IoT networks," Egyptian Informatics Journal, 2022.
  15. S. K. Lo et al., "Analysis of blockchain solutions for IoT: A systematic literature review," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 58822-58835, 2019.
  16. T. M. Fernández-Caramés and P. Fraga-Lamas, "A Review on the Use of Blockchain for the Internet of Things," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 32979-33001, 2018.
  17. H. Zhang, W. Lang, C. Liu, and B. Zhang, "A blockchain-based security approach architecture for the Internet of Things," in 2020 IEEE 4th Information Technology, Networking, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (ITNEC), 2020, vol. 1: IEEE, pp. 310-313.
  18. M. Jakobsson and A. Juels, "Proofs of work and bread pudding protocols," in Secure information networks: Springer, 1999, pp. 258-272.
  19. C. Natoli, J. Yu, V. Gramoli, and P. Esteves-Verissimo, "Deconstructing blockchains: A comprehensive survey on consensus, membership and structure," arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.08316, 2019.
  20. Y. Wang, M. Singgih, J. Wang, and M. Rit, "Making sense of blockchain technology: How will it transform supply chains?," International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 211, pp. 221-236, 2019.
  21. W. Mougayar, The business blockchain: promise, practice, and application of the next Internet technology. John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
  22. Komodo, "4 Types of Blockchain Technology Explained," 2021 July,28. [Online]. Available: https://komodoplatform.com/en/academy/blockchain-tech nology-types/.
  23. F. Casino, T. K. Dasaklis, and C. Patsakis, "A systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications: Current status, classification and open issues," Telematics and informatics, vol. 36, pp. 55-81, 2019.
  24. M. Wazid, A. K. Das, S. Shetty, and M. Jo, "A tutorial and future research for building a blockchain-based secure communication scheme for Internet of intelligent things," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 88700-88716, 2020.
  25. B. N. Alhasnawi, B. H. Jasim, and B. A. Issa, "Internet of things (IoT) for smart precision agriculture," IJEEE, vol. 16, pp. 28-38, 2020.
  26. J. A. AL-Hammoudi and B. H. Jasim, "Design and implementation of monitoring and warning (IOT) system for electricity poles," Iraqi Journal for Electrical And Electronic Engineering, 2020. DOI: 10.37917/ijeee.sceeer.3rd.15
  27. I. Makhdoom, M. Abolhasan, H. Abbas, and W. Ni, "Blockchain's adoption in IoT: The challenges, and a way forward," Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 125, pp. 251-279, 2019.
  28. M. A. Uddin, A. Stranieri, I. Gondal, and V. Balasubramanian, "Blockchain leveraged decentralized IoT eHealth framework," Internet of Things, vol. 9, p. 100159, 2020.
  29. Y. Yu, Y. Li, J. Tian, and J. Liu, "Blockchain-based solutions to security and privacy issues in the internet of things," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 12-18, 2018.
  30. H. Yu, P. B. Gibbons, M. Kaminsky, and F. Xiao, "Sybillimit: A near-optimal social network defense against Yousiff & Muhajjir sybil attacks," in 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (sp 2008), 2008: IEEE, pp. 3-17.
  31. R. J. Tom, S. Sankaranarayanan, and J. J. Rodrigues, "Agent negotiation in an iot-fog based power distribution system for demand reduction," Sustainable energy technologies and assessments, vol. 38, p. 100653, 2020.
  32. M. A. Uddin, A. Stranieri, I. Gondal, and V. Balasubramanian, "A survey on the adoption of blockchain in iot: Challenges and solutions," Blockchain: Research and Applications, vol. 2, no. 2, p. 100006, 2021.
  33. J. K. M. Verame, "Helping users adopt and delegate agency to autonomous agents in everyday life," University of Southampton, 2018.
  34. D. Calvaresi, A. Dubovitskaya, J. P. Calbimonte, K. Taveter, and M. Schumacher, "Multi-agent systems and blockchain: Results from a systematic literature review," in International conference on practical applications of agents and multi-agent systems, 2018: Springer, pp. 110-126.
  35. F. Luo, Z. Y. Dong, G. Liang, J. Murata, and Z. Xu, "A distributed electricity trading system in active distribution networks based on multi-agent coalition and blockchain," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 4097-4108, 2018.
  36. K. Qayumi, "Multi-agent based intelligence generation from very large datasets," in 2015 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering, 2015: IEEE, pp. 502-504.
  37. A. Norta, A. B. Othman, and K. Taveter, "Conflict-resolution lifecycles for governed decentralized autonomous organization collaboration," in Proceedings of the 2015 2nd International Conference on Electronic Governance and Open Society: Challenges in Eurasia, 2015, pp. 244-257.
  38. B. N. Alhasnawi, B. H. Jasim, P. Siano, and J. M. Guerrero, "A novel real-time electricity scheduling for home energy management system using the internet of energy," Energies, vol. 14, no. 11, p. 3191, 2021.
  39. P. K. Sharma, M.-Y. Chen, and J. H. Park, "A software defined fog node based distributed blockchain cloud architecture for IoT," Ieee Access, vol. 6, pp. 115-124, 2017.
  40. C. Nartey et al., "On blockchain and IoT integration platforms: current implementation challenges and future perspectives," Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2021, 2021.
  41. F. Ellouze, G. Fersi, and M. Jmaiel, "Blockchain for internet of medical things: A technical review," in International Conference on Smart Homes and Health Telematics, 2020: Springer, pp. 259-267.
  42. M. A. Uddin, A. Stranieri, I. Gondal, and V. Balasubramanian, "Blockchain leveraged task migration in body area sensor networks," in 2019 25th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), 2019: IEEE, pp. 177-184.
  43. K. Gu, L. Yang, and B. Yin, "Location data record privacy protection based on differential privacy mechanism," Information Technology and Control, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 639-654, 2018.
  44. R. Shrestha and S. Kim, "Integration of IoT with blockchain and homomorphic encryption: Challenging issues and opportunities," in Advances in Computers, vol. 115: Elsevier, 2019, pp. 293-331.
  45. V. Chamola, V. Hassija, V. Gupta, and M. Guizani, "A comprehensive review of the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of IoT, drones, AI, blockchain, and 5G in managing its impact," IEEE access, vol. 8, pp. 90225-90265, 2020.
  46. A. Hard et al., "Federated learning for mobile keyboard prediction," arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.03604, 2018.
  47. J. Xie et al., "A survey of machine learning techniques applied to software defined networking (SDN): Research issues and challenges," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 393-430, 2018.
  48. P. Yeoh, "Regulatory issues in blockchain technology," Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 2017.
  49. S. Hassan and P. De Filippi, "The expansion of algorithmic governance: from code is law to law is code," Field Actions Science Reports. The journal of field actions, no. Special Issue 17, pp. 88-90, 2017.
  50. N. N. Pokrovskaia, "Tax, financial and social regulatory mechanisms within the knowledge-driven economy. Blockchain algorithms and fog computing for the efficient regulation," in 2017 XX IEEE International Conference on Soft Computing and Measurements (SCM), 2017: IEEE, pp. 709-712.
  51. L. Lessig, "The law of the horse: What cyber law might teach," Harv. L. Rev., vol. 113, p. 501, 1999.