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ric or asymmetric schemes are not proper for digital image
encryption because these techniques need high computation
time, power and cost to execute complex processing processes
like permutation/diffusion operations. Therefore, it is hard for
these algorithms to meet the online communication demands
when dealing with the properties of digital image such as bulk
data capacity and strong correlation among pixels [7, 8]. To
face these challenges, it is requisite to evolve hybrid security
methods that integrate traditional ciphering schemes and new
encryption technologies to build high efficiently and securely
algorithms. Lately, many various encryption approaches have
been presented such as chaos-based schemes [1, 7–14]. These
algorithms provide an optimum balance between efficiency
and security.
Chaotic system is a dynamic, nonlinear, disordered and de-
terministic system [10,15]. These systems have several promi-
nent features that are closely linked to cryptographic systems
such as ergodicity, high sensitiveness to initial and control pa- Mohammad in 2017 [22] by adopting scan language for ci-
rameters values, non-periodicity, etc. [9, 10]. The structure of
pseudo-random sequences generated by the chaotic systems
is extremely complicated and difficult to be predicted or ana-
lyzed. Hence, utilizing these distinct chaotic properties in the
cryptography leads to developing new and efficient methods
for providing image security during transmission over sharing
networks or any communication channel.
The exemplary ciphers rely upon the chaotic systems can
be categorized into two major phases: confusion and diffusion.
In the confusion phase, the pixels positions of the original
image are changed, while in the diffusion phase, the pixels
values are altered. The confusion process has good ciphering
result, but the histogram of the plaintext image is still analo-
gous to that of the cipher image, which makes the algorithm
security threaten by the statistical analysis. For promoting
the confusion phase, the diffusion process is proposed in or-
der to ameliorate the security level [13]. Several researchers
have merged these two stages to enhance the security of ci-
phering schemes. However, there are still some challenges
that demand to be faced when utilizing chaos theory in the
cryptography field. For example, some researchers apply one
dimension chaotic maps in their ciphering algorithms. These
maps produce one simple expected chaotic orbit. So, the op-
ponent can facilely get the system parameters/initial values
of the chaotic system. Additionally, one dimension maps
suffer from weakened security and small key space. There-
fore, employing higher dimensional chaotic systems raises the
nonlinearity thereby improving the algorithm security [1, 6].
Various techniques have been developed by researchers
in recent years for image encryption. Reza et al in 2013 [16]
utilized scan pattern technology and XOR function for image
encryption after dividing the input image into several blocks.
To enhance the security, the plain image is enciphered by Xi-
Yousif, Hameed & Al-Zuhairi
aoheng et al in 2013 [17] via applying permutation/diffusion
architecture of hyper-chaotic system. Qiang et al in 2013 [18]
utilized four dimensional Chen system and DNA operations
for image encryption/decryption. The image in binary form is
encoded via DNA encoder before scrambling it by the chaotic
sequences. An image cryptosystem is presented by Borislav
and Krasimir in 2014 [19] based on Chebyshev and Duffing
chaotic maps by employing permutation/substitution struc-
ture. To increase the randomness degree, 2D Baker chaotic
map and cyclic shift technique in wavelet domain is imple-
mented by Ensherah et al in 2014 [20] to protect the image
content during storage and transmission. In order to reduce
the processing time, Hongye et al in 2016 [21] introduced
an image encryption method by exploiting high dimensional
chaotic system and DNA coding/splicing model to modify the
information of image drastically.
A simple encryption scheme is proposed by Shrija and
phering both color and gray images of different formats. The
use of XOR operation between the original and key images
in this scheme yields an encryption with a low security level.
Xiuli et al in 2017 [23] integrated DNA computing and a new
two dimensions chaotic map to encrypt the plaintext image
so as to increase the complexity and security of the suggested
approach. Another encryption method is suggested by Xiuli
et al in 2018 [24] by employing a hybrid encryption approach
via jointing compressive sensing, chaotic system and cellular
automata mechanism in order to cipher the original image.
The problem in this method is that the time required to obtain
the optimal solution is long. Nasrullah et al in 2018 [25] de-
scribed an encryption-compression method for digital images
by merging chaotic maps with Kd-tree and set partitioning
technologies. The two stages: confusion and diffusion of
new 2D chaotic map are mixed by Xiaoling and Guodong in
2018 [26] to design a secure image cryptosystem.
An encryption system is explained by Zhenjun et al in
2019 [7] based on Henon, Lu chaotic maps in addition to spi-
ral scan and random block partition mechanisms. Piecewise
and Henon mapping are combined by Chunyuan and Qun
in 2020 [27] to build a new 3D chaotic system for encrypt-
ing color images. Jannatul et al in 2021 [28] encrypted the
input image such as miscellaneous or medical image by adopt-
ing two chaotic maps: Arnold and Logistic maps. Multiple
chaotic maps along with XOR operation and S-box method
are applied by Tahir and Rashid in 2022 [29] to construct a
different image encryption algorithm.
Xinyu et al in 2022 [30] encrypted various sorts of images
such as 2D and 3D images via scrambling-diffusion processes
of 3D neuron chaotic model. A new study is designed by Nir-
mal et al in 2022 [31] relied upon AES and chaotic approaches
for digital image encryption. This method is characterized by