The coordination of overcurrent relay protection in the power framework is crucial for preserving electrical distribution systems. It ensures that both primary and backup protection are provided to the system. It is essential to maintain a minimal level of coordination between these relays in order to reduce the overall running time and guarantee that power outages and damage are kept to a minimum under fault conditions. Proper coordination between the primary and back-up relays can minimize the operation duration of overcurrent with instantaneous and earth fault relays by selecting the optimum TMS (Time Multiplier Setting) and PS (Plug Setting). The present study investigates the difficulty associated with determining the TMS and PS values of earth-fault and overcurrent relays at the 33/11 kV power distribution substation in Basra using the instantaneous setting element. Overcurrent and earth fault relays were simulated in two scenarios: one with a time delay setting and one with an immediate setting. This procedure was carried out to generate Time Current Characteristics (TCC) curves for each Circuit Breaker (CB) relay took place in the Nathran substation, which has a capacity of 2×31.5 MVA and operates at a voltage level of 33/11 kV. The substation is a part of the Basrah distribution network. The short circuit current is estimated at each circuit breaker (CB), followed by the simulation of protection coordination for the Nathran substation using the DIgSILENT Power Factory software. This research is based on real data collection, and the setting considers the short-circuit current at the farthest point of the longest feeders. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed coordination scheme, which reduced trip operation time by 20% compared to the presented case study while maintaining coordination between primary and backup protection.
The power quality nowadays of the low voltage distribution system is vital for the utility and the consumer at the same time. One disturbing issue affected the quality conditions in the radial distribution system is load balancing. This survey paper is looking most the articles that deal with the phase nodal and lateral phase swapping because it is the efficient and direct method to maintain the current and voltage in balance situation, lead to a suitable reduction in the losses and preventing the wrong tripping of the protective relays.
In the current scenario, power factor has become an important concern in all industries. Poor power factor gives rise to many problems which result in financial loss of industries and also for the commercial users. The main concern of this work is to improve the usage of real power with respect to reactive power hence improving the power factor. Here we have used the technique of relay switching method with a capacitor so that any drop in power factor can be sensed by the controller and switch the capacitor as required. This will not only help to improve power factor but also demand of electricity supply on utility side will be reduced. The Significance of this work is to build an APFC (Automatic Power Factor Correction) Unit. The APFC appliance calculates the reactive power (KVAR) expended by a system’s load and compensates the lagging PF (power factor) utilizing capacitances from capacitor banks.
Ad-Hoc networks have an adaptive architecture, temporarily configured to provide communication between wireless devices that provide network nodes. Forwarding packets from the source node to the remote destination node may require intermediate cooperative nodes (relay nodes), which may act selfishly because they are power-constrained. The nodes should exhibit cooperation even when faced with occasional selfish or non-cooperative behaviour from other nodes. Several factors affect the behaviour of nodes; those factors are the number of packets required to redirect, power consumption per node, and power constraints per node. Power constraints per node and grade of generosity. This article is based on a dynamic collaboration strategy, specifically the Generous Tit-for-Tat (GTFT), and it aims to represent an Ad-Hoc network operating with the Generous Tit-for-Tat (GTFT) cooperation strategy, measure statistics for the data, and then analyze these statistics using the Taguchi method. The transfer speed and relay node performance both have an impact on the factors that shape the network conditions and are subject to analysis using the Taguchi Method (TM). The analyzed parameters are node throughput, the amount of relay requested packets produced by a node per number of relays requested packets taken by a node, and the amount of accepted relay requested by a node per amount of relay requested by a node. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to analyze node behaviour, and the results show that the effect parameters were number of packets, power consumption, power constraint of the node, and grade of generosity. The tested parameters influence node cooperation in the following sequence: number of packets required to redirect (N) (effects on behaviour with a percent of 6.8491), power consumption per node (C) (effects on behaviour with a percent of 0.7467), power constraints per node (P) (effects on behaviour with a percent of 0.6831), and grade of generosity (ε) (effects on behaviour with a percent of 0.4530). Taguchi experiments proved that the grade of generosity (GoG) is not the influencing factor where the highest productivity level is, while the number of packets per second required to redirect also has an impact on node behaviour.