Ad-Hoc networks have an adaptive architecture, temporarily configured to provide communication between wireless devices that provide network nodes. Forwarding packets from the source node to the remote destination node may require intermediate cooperative nodes (relay nodes), which may act selfishly because they are power-constrained. The nodes should exhibit cooperation even when faced with occasional selfish or non-cooperative behaviour from other nodes. Several factors affect the behaviour of nodes; those factors are the number of packets required to redirect, power consumption per node, and power constraints per node. Power constraints per node and grade of generosity. This article is based on a dynamic collaboration strategy, specifically the Generous Tit-for-Tat (GTFT), and it aims to represent an Ad-Hoc network operating with the Generous Tit-for-Tat (GTFT) cooperation strategy, measure statistics for the data, and then analyze these statistics using the Taguchi method. The transfer speed and relay node performance both have an impact on the factors that shape the network conditions and are subject to analysis using the Taguchi Method (TM). The analyzed parameters are node throughput, the amount of relay requested packets produced by a node per number of relays requested packets taken by a node, and the amount of accepted relay requested by a node per amount of relay requested by a node. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to analyze node behaviour, and the results show that the effect parameters were number of packets, power consumption, power constraint of the node, and grade of generosity. The tested parameters influence node cooperation in the following sequence: number of packets required to redirect (N) (effects on behaviour with a percent of 6.8491), power consumption per node (C) (effects on behaviour with a percent of 0.7467), power constraints per node (P) (effects on behaviour with a percent of 0.6831), and grade of generosity (ε) (effects on behaviour with a percent of 0.4530). Taguchi experiments proved that the grade of generosity (GoG) is not the influencing factor where the highest productivity level is, while the number of packets per second required to redirect also has an impact on node behaviour.
The coordination of overcurrent relay protection in the power framework is crucial for preserving electrical distribution systems. It ensures that both primary and backup protection are provided to the system. It is essential to maintain a minimal level of coordination between these relays in order to reduce the overall running time and guarantee that power outages and damage are kept to a minimum under fault conditions. Proper coordination between the primary and back-up relays can minimize the operation duration of overcurrent with instantaneous and earth fault relays by selecting the optimum TMS (Time Multiplier Setting) and PS (Plug Setting). The present study investigates the difficulty associated with determining the TMS and PS values of earth-fault and overcurrent relays at the 33/11 kV power distribution substation in Basra using the instantaneous setting element. Overcurrent and earth fault relays were simulated in two scenarios: one with a time delay setting and one with an immediate setting. This procedure was carried out to generate Time Current Characteristics (TCC) curves for each Circuit Breaker (CB) relay took place in the Nathran substation, which has a capacity of 2×31.5 MVA and operates at a voltage level of 33/11 kV. The substation is a part of the Basrah distribution network. The short circuit current is estimated at each circuit breaker (CB), followed by the simulation of protection coordination for the Nathran substation using the DIgSILENT Power Factory software. This research is based on real data collection, and the setting considers the short-circuit current at the farthest point of the longest feeders. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed coordination scheme, which reduced trip operation time by 20% compared to the presented case study while maintaining coordination between primary and backup protection.
Solar power is environment friendly power source, but it is characterized by being highly dependent on the irradiation level witch is function of the sun position in the sky. To overcome this situation and extract maximum power from the sun, the PV array must be kept nearly perpendicular to the sun during the daytime. In this paper, a smart relay based sun tracking system has been designed and implemented to keep the PV array perpendicular to the sun during the day hours.
The aim of this paper is to design and evaluate hop calculations and system performance for line of sight (LOS) radio relay links utilizing a simplified proposed procedure. Such a procedure is simulated for the determination of both hop calculations and system performance. The practical procedure of this paper has been ordered in a manner to solve up to 95% of the hop design problems encountered in practice. Two examples with different specifications and different required outage time are examined to fulfill the Committee Consultative International Radio (CCIR) recommendations.
The tremendous development in the field of communications is derived from the increasing demand for fast transmission and processing of huge amounts of data. The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system was proposed to increase spectral efficiency (SE) and improve energy efficiency (EE) as well as contribute to preserving the environment and reducing pollution. In the NOMA system, a user may be considered as a relay to the others that support the coverage area based on adopting the reuse of the frequency technique. This cooperation enhances the spectral efficiency, however, in the cell, there are other users that may affect the spectral allocation that should be taken into consideration. Therefore, this paper is conducted to analyze the case when three users are available to play as relies upon. The analyses are performed in terms of the transmitted power allocation in a fair manner, and the system's performance is analyzed using the achievable data rates and the probability of an outage. The results showed an improvement in throughputs for the second and third users, as its value ranged from 7.57 bps/Hz to 12.55 bps/Hz for the second user and a quasi-fixed value of 1,292 bps/Hz for the third user at the transmitted power ranging from zero to 30 dBm.
Power transformer protective relay should block the tripping during magnetizing inrush and rapidly operate the tripping during internal faults. Recently, the frequency environment of power system has been made more complicated and the quantity of 2nd frequency component in inrush state has been decreased because of the improvement of core steel. And then, traditional approaches will likely be maloperated in the case of magnetizing inrush with low second harmonic component and internal faults with high second harmonic component. This paper proposes a new relaying algorithm to enhance the fault detection sensitivities of conventional techniques by using a fuzzy logic approach. The proposed fuzzy-based relaying algorithm consists of flux-differential current derivative curve, harmonic restraint, and percentage differential characteristic curve. The proposed relaying was tested with MATLAB simulation software and showed a fast and accurate trip operation.
In the current scenario, power factor has become an important concern in all industries. Poor power factor gives rise to many problems which result in financial loss of industries and also for the commercial users. The main concern of this work is to improve the usage of real power with respect to reactive power hence improving the power factor. Here we have used the technique of relay switching method with a capacitor so that any drop in power factor can be sensed by the controller and switch the capacitor as required. This will not only help to improve power factor but also demand of electricity supply on utility side will be reduced. The Significance of this work is to build an APFC (Automatic Power Factor Correction) Unit. The APFC appliance calculates the reactive power (KVAR) expended by a system’s load and compensates the lagging PF (power factor) utilizing capacitances from capacitor banks.