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Go to Editorial ManagerThis work presents a wireless communication network (WCN) infrastructure for the smart grid based on the technology of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) to address the main real-time applications of the smart grid such as Wide Area Monitoring and Control (WAMC), video surveillance, and distributed energy resources (DER) to provide low cost, flexibility, and expansion. Such wireless networks suffer from two significant impairments. On one hand, the data of real- time applications should deliver to the control center under robust conditions in terms of reliability and latency where the packet loss is increased with the increment of the number of industrial clients and transmission frequency rate under the limited capacity of WiMAX base station (BS). This research suggests wireless edge computing using WiMAX servers to address reliability and availability. On the other hand, BSs and servers consume affected energy from the power grid. Therefore, the suggested WCN is enhanced by green self-powered based on solar energy to compensate for the expected consumption of energy. The model of the system is built using an analytical approach and OPNET modeler. The results indicated that the suggested WCN based on green WiMAX BS and green edge computing can handle the latency and data reliability of the smart grid applications successfully and with a self-powered supply. For instance, WCN offered latency below 20 msec and received data reliability up to 99.99% in the case of the heaviest application in terms of data.
Blockchain innovation is gaining attention in fields like monetary exchange, edge computing, medical care, and datasecurity. Consortium chains, using lightweight consensus algorithms like PBFT, offer alternatives to proof-based mechanisms while maintaining decentralization, security, and scalability. However, it also has some limitations and challenges that need to be addressed to improve its performance and scalability. PBFT is a classical algorithm with high complexity due to three-stage broadcasting and arbitrary selection of master nodes. Its communication efficiency is low, and scalability issues arise when nodes are large, causing significant delays and performance degradation in unstable networks. Furthermore, the requirement for every node to bundle, check, and broadcast the exchange list in the pre-prepared, prepared and commit stages diminishes the efficiency of consensus and performance between nodes and comes down on network correspondence. The research proposes a new methodology for the consensus algorithm, focusing on high-trust nodes to protect the network from malicious actors and reducing computational overhead and latency by eliminating Byzantian nodes and grouping the remaining nodes into groups, each of which has a main node selected based on a higher trust score. According to the results, the suggested methodology leads to significant improvements in communication complexity and Byzantine fault tolerance compared to standard PBFT networks and previous works. This indicates a substantial enhancement in network efficiency and scalability, offering promising prospects for blockchain applications in various fields.