Microgrids (ℳ-grids) can be thought of as a small-scale electrical network comprised of a mix of Distributed Generation (DG) resources, storage devices, and a variety of load species. It provides communities with a stable, secure, and renewable energy supply in either off-grid (grid-forming) or on-grid (grid-following) mode. In this work, a control strategy of coordinated power management for a Low Voltage (LV) ℳ-grid with integration of solar Photovoltaic (PV), Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and three phase loads operated autonomously or connected to the utility grid has been created and analyzed in the Matlab Simulink environment. The main goal expressed here is to achieve the following points: (i) grid following, grid forming modes, and resynchronization mode between them, (ii) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) from solar PV using fuzzy logic technique, and active power regulator based boost converter using a Proportional Integral (PI) controller is activated when a curtailment operation is required, (iii) ℳ-grid imbalance compensation (negative sequence) due to large single-phase load is activated, and (iv) detection and diagnosis the fault types using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Under the influence of irradiance fluctuation on solar plant, the proposed control technique demonstrates how the adopted system works in grid- following mode (PQ control), grid- formation, and grid resynchronization to seamlessly connect the ℳ-grid with the main distribution system. In this system, a power curtailment management system is introduced in the event of a significant reduction in load, allowing the control strategy to be switched from MPPT to PQ control, permitting the BESS to absorb excess power. Also, in grid-following mode, the BESS's imbalance compensation mechanism helps to reduce the negative sequence voltage that occurs at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) bus as a result of an imbalance in the grid's power supply. In addition to the features described above, this system made use of DWT to detect and diagnose various fault conditions.
This article presents a power-efficient low noise amplifier (LNA) with high gain and low noise figure (NF) dedicated to satellite communications at a frequency of 435 MHz. LNAs’ gain and NF play a significant role in the designs for satellite ground terminals seeking high amplification and maintaining a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The proposed design utilized the transistor (BFP840ESD) to achieve a low NF of 0.459 dB and a high-power gain of 26.149 dB. The study carries out the LNA design procedure, from biasing the transistor, testing its stability at the operation frequency, and finally terminating the appropriate matching networks. In addition to the achieved high gain and low NF, the proposed LNA consumes as low power as only 2 mW.
In the city of Basrah, there is an urgent need to use the water for irrigation process more efficiently for many reasons: one of them, the high temperature in long summer season and the other is the lack of sources fresh water sources. In this work, a smart irrigation system based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is implemented. This system consists of the main unit that represented by an Arduino Uno board which include an ATmega328 microcontroller, different sensors as moisture sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, XBee modules and solenoid valve. Zigbee technology is used in this project for implementing wireless technology. This system has two modes one manual mode, the other is a smart mode. The set points must be changed manually according to the specified season to satisfy the given conditions for the property irrigation, and the smart operation of the system will be according to these set points.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is being used widely in the last few years. Its applications classifies into auto identification and data capturing issues. The purpose of this paper is to design and implement RFID active tags and reader using microcontroller ATmega328 and 433 MHz RF links. The paper also includes a proposed mutual authentication protocol between RFID reader and active tags with ownership transfer stage. Our protocol is a mutual authentication protocol with tag’s identifier updating mechanism. The updating mechanism has the purpose of providing forward security which is important in any authentication protocol to prevent the attackers from tracking the past transactions of the compromised tags. The proposed protocol gives the privacy and security against all famous attacks that RFID system subjected for due to the transfer of data through unsecure wireless channel, such as replay, denial of service, tracking and cloning attacks. It also ensures ownership privacy when the ownership of the tag moves to a new owner.