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4|                                                                                                         Almousawi & Aldair
surplus load. Consequently, when generation exceeds load,
"%& rises over its reference value, and HESS charges to      The HESS charge/discharge mechanism is regulated by
receive the excess power. The discharge/charge HESS          the #'(	output and the specific #)*+, . The buck charging
current is controlled by the four converters using a double  converters redirect the excess #'( to charge the HESS, while
loop control scheme to avoid overlap appearing in [30].      the boost discharging converters supply the HESS's
                                                             necessary power. "-& , "./--, and "'(		in Fig. (2) represent
              Fig. 2: PV-BESS-SC Hybrid System               the voltages of a SC, a BESS, and a PV panel, respectively.
                                                             SC, BESS, and PV panel currents are represented by the
                                                             variables %-&, %., and %'(. &'( indicates the filter inductance
                                                             of the PV panel's boost converter. &-& and &. are the filter
                                                             inductances of the SC and BESS boost converters,
                                                             respectively, while R is the load resistance. S", S#, S$, S0, and
                                                             S1 are the control switches.

                                                               IV. PROPOSED CONTROL AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT
                                                                                          STRATEGY

                                                             The block diagram of the control strategy used in this paper
                                                             is shown in Fig. (3). Because of its higher noise protection,
                                                             average current mode control is used for the BESS, SC, and
                                                             PV panels, and it offers additional robust voltage regulation.
                                                             A first-order Low Pass Filter (LPF) is used for BESS current,
                                                             PV inductor current, and DC load voltage to reduce
                                                             switching noise, measurement noise, and current ripple.

                                  (a)

                                  (b)
Fig. 3: Control System Structure for (a) PV Panel (b)-HESS.
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