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10 |                                                                                                Almousawi & Aldair

      (a)                                                        Fuel Cell                                   FC
                                                                 Fuzzy Logic Control                         FLC
                                                                 Genetic Algorithms                          GA
                                                                 Hybrid Energy Storage System                HESS
                                                                 Maximum Power Point Tracking                MPPT
                                                                 Microgrid                                   MG
                                                                 Supercapacitor                              SC
                                                                 State of Charging                           SOC
                                                                 Particle Swarm Optimization                 PSO
                                                                 Photovoltaic                                PV

      (b)                                                                             CONFLICT OF INTEREST

                                                                 The authors have no conflict of relevant interest to this article
                                                                 can be used.

                                                                                 REFERENCES

                                                                 [1] C. Ghenai, T. Salameh and A. Merabet, “Technico-

                                                                 economic analysis of off grid solar PV/Fuel cell energy

                                                                 system for residential community in desert

                                                                 region”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol.

                               (c)                               45, pp.11460-11470, 2020.
Fig. 13: Plots of (a) PV Power (b) SOC of BESS (c) PV
                                                                 [2] Jing, Wenlong et al. “Battery-supercapacitor hybrid
                            Voltage.
                                                                 energy storage system in standalone DC microgrids:

                                                                 areview”, IET Renewable Power Generation, Vol. 11, pp.

                        VII. CONCLUSIONS                         461-469, 2017.

The proposed control strategy is focused on the analysis         [3] Jarno D. Dogger, Bart Roossien, Frans D. J.
of the high and low-frequency power components of
electrical energy demand mismatch and regulates the SC           Nieuwenhout, “Characterization of Li-Ion Batteries for
using the error component of BESS current for the HESS.
The configuration is simple to implement and needs fewer         Intelligent Management of Distributed Grid-Connected
processing than systems such as state machines, or
programmed algorithms. When the proposed control strategy        Storage”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
is compared to the traditional strategy, the simulation results
demonstrate that the compensated power delivered by the SC       Vol. 26, No.1, pp. 256-263, 2011.
is improved by more than 56%. As a result, the BESS
experiences less current stress, has lower charge and            [4] Ying Han, Qi Li, Tianhong Wang, Weirong Chen, Lei
discharge current rates, and has a longer life span.
In the existence of a predefined limit, the proposed energy      Ma, “Multisource Coordination Energy Management
management strategy regulates the #'( , BESS, and SC
converters. The PV-BESS-SC hybrid system operation is            Strategy Based on SOC Consensus for a PEMFC–Battery–
separated into normal operation (the PV panel works at
MPPT in all situations) and SOC control (restricting the #'(     Supercapacitor Hybrid Tramway”, IEEE Transactions on
when the SOC reaches maximum value) methods to easily
control the power transfer within the hybrid system.             Vehicular Technology, Vol. 67, No.1, pp. 296-305, 2018.
The following are the benefits of the proposed PV-BESS-
SC hybrid system instead of using a state machine, which         [5] Burin Yodwong, Phatiphat Thounthong, Damien
needs more switching, autonomous regulation is used to
create a smooth shift between MPP and SOC regulation.            Guilbert, Nicu Bizon, “Differential Flatness-Based
HESS charging needs minimal switches, leading to lower
power losses. The transfer of power between HESS and load        Cascade         Energy/Current     Control            of
is smooth. The proposed strategy and control configuration
have been identified and validated in the PV-BESS-SC             Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Source for Modern e–
hybrid system under various power demand and irradiation
conditions.                                                      Vehicle Applications”, Mathematics, Vol. 8, 2020.

                                                                 [6] Wenlong Jing, Chean Hung Lai, Wallace S.H. Wong,

                                                                 M.L. DennisWong, “A comprehensive study of battery-

                                                                 supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for

                                                                 standalone PV power system in rural

                                                                 electrification”, Applied Energy, Vol. 224, pp. 340-356,

                                                                 2018.

                                                                 [7] Hui Chen, Zehui Zhanga, Cong Guan, Haibo Gao,

                                                                 “Optimization of sizing and frequency control in

                                                                 battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for

                                                                 fuel cell ship”, Energy, Vol. 197, pp. 117285, 2020.

                                                                 [8] Carlet M. Enang and Brian K. Johnson, “Bidirectional

                                                                 dc-dc Converter Control in Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid

                                                                 Energy Storage System”, 2020 IEEE Power & Energy

                                                                 Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference

                                                                 (ISGT), pp. 1-5, 2020.

                     LIST OF ABBREVIATION                        [9] A. Tani, M. B. Camara, B. Dakyo, “Energy
Battery Energy Storage System.
                                                                 Management Based on Frequency Approach for Hybrid

                                           BESS                  Electric Vehicle Applications: Fuel-Cell/Lithium-Battery
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