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more slowly due to a greater resistive force. As a result, the            applications,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 27,
smaller size of the microrobot in design can reduce the resis-            no. 45, pp. 1–31, 2017.
tance to manipulation and increase the velocity.
                                                                     [7] A. Vikram Singh and M. Sitti, “Targeted drug delivery
    Future research on the actuation of the microrobots should            and imaging using mobile milli/microrobots: A promis-
therefore concentrate initially on the actuation of 3D space.             ing future towards theranostic pharmaceutical design,”
Secondly, to give accurate control of the mobility of micro-              Current pharmaceutical design, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1418–
robots inside the body, reliable movement and steering con-               1428, 2016.
trol must be applied in constrained environments like cancer
monitoring and treatment. Thirdly, whole-body work can               [8] C. K. Schmidt, M. Medina-Sa´nchez, R. J. Edmondson,
be achieved by hybrid actuation, which combines fine and                  and O. G. Schmidt, “Engineering microrobots for tar-
long-range actuation. Lastly, to overcome the constraints of              geted cancer therapies from a medical perspective,” Na-
a single microrobot in the body, actuation, and control of mi-            ture Communications, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 2020.
crorobot populations are urgently required For microrobots to
be utilized as standardized tools in biomedical applications,        [9] E. E. Hunter, E. B. Steager, A. Hsu, A. Wong-Foy, R. Pel-
however, biodegradability and biocompatibility require being              rine, and V. Kumar, “Nanoliter fluid handling for mi-
further developed and investigation on a larger scale.                    crobiology via levitated magnetic microrobots,” IEEE
                                                                          Robotics and Automation Letters, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 997–
              CONFLICT OF INTEREST                                        1004, 2019.

The authors have no conflict of relevant interest to this article.  [10] M. Suhail, A. Khan, M. A. Rahim, A. Naeem, M. Fa-
                                                                          had, S. F. Badshah, A. Jabar, and A. K. Janakiraman,
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